·
Sumitra Mahajan is
an Indian politician
and the incumbent Speaker
of the Lok Sabha. She belongs to Bharatiya
Janata Party. In 2014, she won the Lok Sabha
elections for the eighth time, one of three members of the 16th Lok Sabha to
do so, and the longest-serving
woman member. She has been
representing the Indore constituency
of Madhya Pradesh since
1989. She is the eldest woman member of parliament who won the lok sabha
election for the eighth time.
·
Madhya Pradesh (MP)
literally is a state in central India.
Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore. Nicknamed the "heart of
India" due to its geographical location in India, Madhya Pradesh is the
second largest state in the country by area. With over 75 million inhabitants,
it is the sixth largest state in India by population, where as first is UP.
·
Uttar Pradesh (UP),
is a state located
in northern India. It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces, and was renamed Uttar
Pradesh in 1950. Lucknow is
the administrative capital ofUttarPradesh. Ghaziabad, Kanpur, Moradabad, Aligarh, Agra, Bareilly, and Varanasi are
known for their industrial importance in the state as well as in India. On 9
November 2000, a new state, Uttarakhand,
was carved out from the mountainous Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh
·
Uttarakhand formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in
the northern part
of India. It is often referred to as the
"Land of the gods" due to the many Hindu temples and
pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for its natural
beauty of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and
the Terai.
On 9 November 2000, this 27th state of the Republic of India was
created from the Himalayan and
adjoining northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh.
·
The Himalayas,
or Himalaya, , hima (snow), Sanskrit word literally meaning, "abode of
the snow is a mountain
range in South Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan
Plateau.The Himalayan range is home to the planet's highest peaks,
including the highest, Mount Everest.
·
Mount Everest, also known in Nepal as Sagarmāthā and in Tibet as Chomolungma, is the Earth's highest
mountain. It is located in the Mahalangur section
of theHimalayas. Its peak is
8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level and is the 5th furthest point
from the center of the Earth.
·
Nepal
officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is
a landlocked sovereign nation
located in South Asia. Nepal is the world's 93rd largest
country by land mass[10]and the 41st
most populous country.. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border
Nepal, Kathmandu is
the nation's capital and largest metropolis
·
Hinduism is
practiced by about 81.3% of Nepalis, making it the country with the highest
percentage of Hindus. Hinduism is the dominant religion[ of the Indian subcontinent,
and consists of many diverse
traditions. It includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism
among numerous other traditions,
Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion"
in the world
·
Shaivism or Saivism is one of the four most widely
followed sects of Hinduism, which reveres
the god Shiva as the Supreme Being. Followers of Shaivam are called
"Shaivas". They believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator,
preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is. Shaivism is widespread
throughout India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Areas notable for the practice of
Shaivism include parts of Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia, Singapore, and
Indonesia.
·
Vaishnavism (Vaisnava dharma) is one of the major
branches of Hinduism along with Shaivism, Smartism,
and Shaktism.
It is focused on the veneration of Vishnu.
Vaishnavites, or the followers of the Vishnu, lead a way of life promoting
differentiated monotheism, which gives importance to Vishnu and his ten
incarnations.Its beliefs and practices, especially the concepts of Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga,
are based largely on the Upanishads,
and associated with the Vedas and Puranic texts such as the Bhagavad Gita,
and the Padma Purana, Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata
Purana.
·
The Bhagavad Gita literally meaning The
Song of the Bhagavan,
often referred to as simply the Gita,
is a 700-verse Hindu scripture that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata.The Gita is set in a narrative framework of a
dialogue between Pandava prince Arjuna and his guide and charioteer the
god-king Krishna.
Facing the duty to kill his relatives, Arjuna is counselled by Krishna to
"fulfill his Kshatriya (warrior) duty as a warrior and kill.
·
The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India,
the other being the Ramayana.
Besides its epic narrative of the Kurukshetra
War and the fates of
the Kaurava and the Pandava princes, the Mahabharata contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a
discussion of the four "goals of life" ,Traditionally, the authorship
of the Mahabharata is
attributed to Vyasa
·
The Ramayanam (Sanskrit: Rāmāyaṇam, ) is one of
the great Hindu epics. It is ascribed to the Hindu sage Valmiki and forms an important part of the Hindu literature considered to be itihāasa. TheRamayana is one of
the two great epics of Hinduism, the other being theMahabharata. It depicts the duties of
relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, the ideal
servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife, and the ideal king.
·
Sanskrit
is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, a philosophical
language in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and a scholarly literary language that
was in use as a lingua franca in the Indian
cultural zone. Today it is listed as one of the
22 scheduled languages of India, and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand.
·
The
Eighth Schedule to the Indian
Constitution contains
a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted,
inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation
on theOfficial
Languages Commission, and that the language would be one of the
bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the
Union Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages – Bodo, Maithili, Dogri, and Santali –
were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian
Constitution.
·
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework
defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure,
procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out
fundamental rights, directive
principles, and the duties of citizens. It
is the longest written
constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 448 articles in 25parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 98 amendments (out of 120 Constitution Amendment Bills). Besides
the English version, there is an official Hindi translation. Dr.
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is
widely regarded as the father of the Indian Constitution.
·
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6
December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb,
was an Indian jurist, politician and social
reformer who inspired
the Modern Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination in India, striving
for equal social rights for Dalits, women and labour.
He was independent India's first law minister and the principal architect of the Constitution of India.In 1956 he converted
to Buddhism,
initiating mass conversions of Dalits.In 1990, Ambedkar
was posthumously conferred with the Bharat Ratna,
India's highest civilian award.
·
Buddhism is
a nontheistic
religion that
encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed
to Siddhartha Gautama,
who is commonly known as the Buddha, meaning "the awakened one", Two
major branches of Buddhism are generally recognized: Theravada ("The
School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The
Great Vehicle"). Gautama was born in Lumbini in
modern-day Nepal,
around the year 563 BCE, and raised in Kapilavastu.
·
Gautama Buddha,
also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni or simply
the Buddha, was a sage
on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.Born in the Shakya republic in the Himalayan foothills, he is believed to have
lived and taught mostly in eastern India sometime between the sixth and fourth
centuries BCE. The word Buddha means
"awakened one" or "the enlightened one." "Buddha" is also
used as a title for the first awakened being in an era. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about
the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught
and founded a monastic order during theMahajanapada era in India during the reign of Bimbisara, the ruler of Magadha empire, and died during the early years of the reign of Ajatshatru, who was the successor of Bimbisara, thus making him a
contemporary of Mahavira, the Jain teacher;[16] however most scholars do not
consistently accept all of the details contained in traditional biographies
·
Mahavira (540 BCE–468 BCE), also
known as Vardhamana, was the twenty-fourth and last tirthankara of Jainism.
He was born into a royal family in what is now Bihar,India. At the time of his
birth, the whole town was marked by prosperity in terms of agriculture, health,
wealth and wisdom. It is for this reason that he was named as Vardhman by his
parents. At the age of 30 he left his home in pursuit of spiritual awakening
(Diksha). For the next 12 and a half years he practiced intense meditation and
severe penance, after which he achieved Kevala Jnana or enlightenment. He travelled all
over India for the next 30 years to teach his philosophy which is based on ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya and aparigraha.
Mahavira attained nirvana after his physical death at the age of
72. He was one of the most popular propagators of Jainism, and he is regarded
as a reformer of Jainism rather than
its founder.
·
Jainism
traditionally known as is a nontheistic
Indian religion that
prescribes a path of ahimsa -nonviolence -
towards all living beings, and emphasizes spiritual independence and equality
between all forms of life. Practitioners believe that nonviolence and self-control
are the means by which they can obtain liberation. Currently Jainism is divided
into two major sects, Śvētāmbara and Digambara. Jainism is one
of the oldest religions in the world. Jains
traditionally trace their history through a succession of twenty-four
propagators of their faith known astirthankaras with Rishabha as
the first and Mahāvīra as
the last of the current era.
·
Nonviolence is
the personal practice of being harmless to self and others under every
condition. It comes from the belief that hurting people, animals or the
environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome and refers to a general
philosophy of abstention from violence based on moral, religious or spiritual
principles.Here certain movements particularly influenced by a philosophy of
nonviolence should be mentioned, including Mahatma
Gandhi leading
a successful decades-long nonviolent struggle against British rule in India,
·
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced 2
October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled
India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to
independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the
world. The honorific Mahatma applied to
him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide. He is also called Bapu in India. Born and raised in a Hindu merchant
caste family in
coastal Gujarat, western India,
and trained in law at the Inner Temple,
London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate
lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil
rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants,
farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination.
Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide
campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and
ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above
all for achieving Swaraj or
self-rule.
Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the
British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt
March in 1930, and
later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many
years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to
practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do
the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient
residential community and
wore the traditional Indian dhoti and
shawl, woven with yarn hand spun on a charkha.
He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as the means to both self-purification
and social protest.
Gandhi's vision of a
free India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in
the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate
Muslim homeland carved out of India. Eventually,
in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire
was partitioned into
two dominions,
a Hindu-majority India and Muslim Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus,
Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands,
religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal.
Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected
areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook
several fasts unto
death to promote
religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78,] also had the indirect goal of
pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.] Some Indians thought Gandhi was too
accommodating. Among them was Nathuram
Godse, a Hindu
nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three
bullets into his chest at point-blank range.
·
The Indian
National Congress INC,
also commonly called the Congress is one of the two major contemporary political parties in India, the other
being the Bharatiya Janata Party. It is one of the
largest and oldest democratically-operating political parties in the world.
Founded by freedom fighter activists in 1885, it dominated politics nationally
for most of the period from 1947–89. There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first
being Jawaharlal Nehru, serving from 1947–64 and the most recent being Manmohan
Singh, serving from 2004-14. The party's social
liberal platform is
largely considered to be on the centre-left of theIndian
political spectrum.
The INC was primarily
founded by a prominent member of the Theosophical Society, Allan Octavian Hume in 1885, along with Dadabhai
Naoroji and Dinshaw Wacha. In the following decades,
the Indian National Congress became a pivotal participant in the Indian Independence Movement, with over 15
million members and over 70 million participants in its struggle against British
colonial rule in
India. After independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party; in the 15
general elections since independence, the Congress has won an outright majority
on six occasions, and has led the ruling coalition a further four times,
heading the central government for a total of 49 years.
In the most recentgeneral elections in 2014, the Congress registered its
worst performance in a general election
in independent India, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member house
·
India has a multi-party system with predominance of small regional
parties. Political parties that wish to contest local, state or national
elections are required to be registered by the Election Commission of India (ECI). Registration with ECI does
not ensure recognition as a party. A recognized party has more privileges than
a registered unrecognized party. In order to gain recognition in a state, the
party must have had political activity for at least five continuous years, and
send at least 4% of the state's quota to the Lok Sabha (India's Lower house), or 3.33% of
members to the Legislative
Assembly of that state. These conditions are deemed to have failed
if a member of the Lok Sabha or the Legislative Assembly of the State becomes a
member of that political party after his election. If a party is recognised in
four or more states, it is declared as a "National party" by the EC.
Otherwise, it is known as a "State Party".
All parties contesting
the elections have to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered
by the EC. All 29 states of the country along with the union
territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi have an elected government unless President's
rule is imposed under
certain conditions
·
The Indian
general election of 2014 was
held to constitute the 16th Lok
Sabha, electing members of parliament for all 543parliamentary constituencies of India. Running in nine phases from
7 April to 12 May 2014, this was the longest election in the country's history.
The results were declared on 16 May, fifteen
days before the 15th Lok
Sabha completes its
constitutional mandate on 31 May 2014.. The National Democratic Alliance,
led by the Bharatiya Janata Party, won a sweeping
victory, taking 336 seats. The BJP itself won 31.0% of all votes and 282
(51.9%) of all seats. It is the first time since the 1984 Indian general
elections that a party has won enough seats to govern without the support of
other parties. TheUnited Progressive Alliance, led by the Indian National Congress, won 58 seats,
44 (8.1%) of which were won by the Congress, that won 19.3% of all votes. It was the Congress party's worst
defeat in a general election. BJP
and its allies won the right to form the largest majority government since the 1984 general election.
·
The Election
Commission of India is an autonomous, constitutionally established federal authority
responsible for administering all the electoral processes in the Republic of
India. Under the supervision of the commission, free and fair elections have
been held in India at regular intervals as per the principles enshrined in the
Constitution. The Election Commission has the power of superintendence,
direction and control of all elections to the Parliament of India and the state
legislatures and of
elections to the office of the President of India and the Vice-President of India.
The power of
superintendence, direction and control of all elections to the Local
Government/Municipal Corporation by the State Election Commission.
The Chief Election
Commissioner can be removed from his office by Parliament with
two-thirds majority in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on the grounds of proven misbehaviour
or incapacity. Other Election Commissioners can be removed by the President on
the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. The Chief Election
Commissioner and the two Election Commissioners draw salaries and allowances at
par with those of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India as per the Chief
Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service)
Rules, 1992. The current CEC is V. S. Sampath.
·
The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body in
India. The Parliament comprises the President of India and
the two Houses—Lok Sabha (House
of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council
of States). The President has the power to summon and prorogue either House of
Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. India's government is bicameral; Rajya Sabha is
the upper house and
Lok Sabha is the lower house. The two Houses
meet in separate chambers in
New Delhi. Those elected or nominated (by the President) to either house of
Parliament are referred to as members of parliament or MPs. The MPs of Lok
Sabha are directly elected by
the Indian public and the MPs of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies,
in accordance with proportional
representation. The Parliament is composed of
790 MPs, who serve the largest democratic electorate in the world;
814.5 million Indians registered to vote in the 2014
general elections
·
The President
of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The
President is the formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of
India and is thecommander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.
The President is indirectly
elected by the people
through elected members of the Parliament of India (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)
as well as of the Legislative Assemblies in States of India (Vidhan Sabha)
and serves for a term of five years. Historically, ruling party (majority in
the Lok Sabha) nominees (for example, United Progressive Alliance nominee Pranab
Mukherjee) have been elected or largely elected unanimously.
Incumbent presidents are permitted to stand for re-election. A formula is used
to allocate votes so there is a balance between the population of each state
and the number of votes assembly members from a state can cast, and to give an
equal balance between State Assembly members and the members of the Parliament of India. If no candidate receives a
majority of votes, then there is a system by which losing candidates are
eliminated from the contest and their votes are transferred to other
candidates, until one gains a majority.
Although Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the President can exercise
his or her powers directly or by subordinate authority, with few exceptions, all of the
executive authority vested in the President are, in practice, exercised by the popularly elected Government of India, headed by the Prime Minister. This Executive power is
exercised by the Prime Minister with the help of the Council of
Ministers.
The President of India
resides in an estate in New Delhi known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan (which roughly translates as President's
Palace). The presidential retreat isThe Retreat in Chharabra, Shimla and Rashtrapati Nilayam (President's Place) in Hyderabad.
The 13th and
current President is Pranab
Mukherjee, who was elected on 22 July 2012, and sworn-in
on 25 July 2012. He is also the first Bengali to be elected as President. He took over the position from Pratibha
Patil, who was the first woman to serve in the office
·
The Rajya
Sabha is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited to
250 members, 12 of whom are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art,
literature, science, and social services. The remainder of the body is elected
by the state and territorial legislatures. Members sit for six-year
terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years.The Rajya Sabha
meets in continuous sessions and, unlike the Lok Sabha,
the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. The Rajya Sabha
has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha, except in the
area of supply,
where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting
legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses is held. However, since the Lok
Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the former would normally
hold the greater power. Only three such joint-sessions have been held; the
latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act.
The Vice President of India (currently, Hamid Ansari)
is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who
presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is
elected from amongst the RS's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of
the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first
sitting on 13 May 1952.[5] The salary and other benefits for a
member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha
·
The Vice
President of India is the
second-highest constitutional office in India, after the President. Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that there shall be a
Vice-President of India. The Vice President shall act as President in absent of
President due to the death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations. The
Vice President of India is also ex officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
Article 66 of Indian Constitution states the manner of election of
Vice-President.The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an
electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in
accordance with the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot.[3]The
Vice President of India is Mohammad Hamid Ansari, since 11 August 2007,
and re-elected on 7 August 2012 .
·
The single transferable vote (STV) is a voting system designed
to achieve proportional
representation through ranked
voting in
multi-seat constituencies (voting
districts). Under STV, an elector
has a single vote that is initially allocated to their most preferred candidate
and, as the count proceeds and candidates are either elected or eliminated, is
transferred to other candidates according to the voter's stated preferences, in
proportion to any surplus or discarded votes. The exact method of
reapportioning votes can vary (see Counting methods)
in INDIA
·
In India officially the Republic
of India is a country
in South Asia.
It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most
populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land
borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma andBangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean,
India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives;
in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.Home
to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes
and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and
cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four
world religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated
here, whereas Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse
culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration
of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered
directly by the United Kingdom from
the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.The Indian
economy is the world's
tenth-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing
major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it
continues to face the challenges of poverty,corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories.
India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is
also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats
·
Democracy is
a form of government in
which all eligible citizens are
meant to participate equally – either directly or, through elected
representatives, indirectly – in the proposal, development and
establishment of the laws by
which their society is run. The term originates from the Greek
"rule of the people",[1] which was found from (dêmos) "people" and (kratos) "power" or
"rule" in the 5th century BC to denote the political systems then
existing in Greek city-states,
notablyAthens; the term is an
antonym to rule of an
elite". While theoretically these definitions are in opposition,
·
The Government
of India (GoI), officially
known as the Union Government and also known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the
governing authority of the union of 29 states and seven union territories,
collectively called the Republic of
India. It is based in New Delhi,
the capital of India.
The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are
set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the Civil Procedure Code,
the Indian Penal
Code, and the Criminal Procedure Code. The union and individual state
governments all each consist of executive, legislative and judicial branches.
The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments
is based on the English
Common and Statutory Law.
Because the seat of government is in New Delhi,
"New Delhi" is commonly used as a metonym for the Central Government.
·
New Delhi is the capital of India and seat of the executive,
legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It is also the centre of
theGovernment of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the eleven districts of Delhi National Capital Territory.
With a population of 22
million in 2011, Delhi metropolitan region is the world's second most populous
city and the largest city in India and also one of the largest in the world in
terms of area. After Mumbai it is also the wealthiest city in
India, and has the 2nd highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
·
Mumbai (also known as Bombay) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
It is the most populous city in India,
second most populousmetropolitan area in India, and the fourth most populous city in the
world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural
harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an alpha world
city. It is also the wealthiest city in
India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State.
In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state
of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the
capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
Mumbai is the financial,
commercial and entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's
top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow. The city houses important financial
institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India,
the SEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also
home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy.
The city also houses India's Hindi (Bollywood)
and Marathi film and
television industry. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its
potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India,
making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures.
·
The 'Reserve Bank of India is India's Central
Banking Institution,
which controls the Monetary
Policy of the Indian Rupee.
on 1 April 1935 during the British Rule in accordance with the provisions of
the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The original share capital was divided
into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by
private shareholders. Following
India's independence on 15 - August - 1947, the RBI was nationalised in the
year of 1949.
The RBI plays an
important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India. It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. The general
superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21-member
Central Board of Directors: the Governor (currently Dr. Raghuram Rajan), 4
Deputy Governors, 2 Finance Ministry representatives, 10
government-nominated directors to represent important elements from India's
economy, and 4 directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai,
Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi. Each of these local boards consists of 5
members who represent regional interests, as well as the interests of
co-operative and indigenous banks
·
The Indian
rupee is the official currency of the Republic of
India. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India.
The modern rupee is
subdivided into 100 paise though
as of 2011 only 50-paise coins are legal tender. Banknotes in circulation come in
denominations of 
5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000. Rupee coins are available in
denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 500 and 1000; the coins for 20 and above are for commemorative purposes
only; the only other rupee coin has a nominal value of 50 paise, since lower
denominations have been officially withdrawn.
5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000. Rupee coins are available in
denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 500 and 1000; the coins for 20 and above are for commemorative purposes
only; the only other rupee coin has a nominal value of 50 paise, since lower
denominations have been officially withdrawn.
The Indian rupee
symbol '' (officially adopted in 2010) is
derived from the Devanagari consonant "र"
(ra) and the Latin
letter "R". The first series of coins with the rupee symbol was
launched on 8 July 2011.
' (officially adopted in 2010) is
derived from the Devanagari consonant "र"
(ra) and the Latin
letter "R". The first series of coins with the rupee symbol was
launched on 8 July 2011.
The Reserve Bank
manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the
basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Recently RBI launched a website Paisa-Bolta-Hai to raise awareness of counterfeit
currency among users of the INR.
·
The Indian rupee sign is the currency sign for the Indian rupee,
the official currency of India. Designed by D. Udaya Kumar, it was presented to the
public by the Government of India on 15 July 2010, following its selection through an
“open” competition among Indian residents. Before its adoption, the most
commonly used symbols for the rupee were Rs, Re or, if the text was in an Indian
language, an appropriate abbreviation in that language. The new sign relates
solely to the Indian rupee; other countries that use a rupee, such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal,
still use the generic ₨ rupee sign character.
The design resembles
both the Devanagari
letter "र"
(ra) and the Latin capital letter "R", with a
double horizontal line at the top.
·
Sri Lanka officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country
in the northern Indian Ocean off the southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia.
Known until 1972 as Ceylon.Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest.
Its
geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance
from the time of the ancient Silk Road through to World War II. Sri Lanka is
a diverse country, home to many religions, ethnicities and languages. Sri Lanka has a rich Buddhist
heritage, and the first known Buddhist writings
of Sri Lanka, the Pāli Canon,
dates back to the Fourth Buddhist Council in 29 BCE. The country's recent history has been
marred by a thirty-year civil war which decisively ended when Sri Lankan
military crushed Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in 2009.
Sri Lanka is a republic and a unitary state governed by a presidential system. The capital, Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, is a suburb of
the largest city, Colombo.
An important producer of tea, coffee, gemstones, coconuts, rubber,
and the native cinnamon,
Sri Lanka is known as "the Pearl of the Indian Ocean" because of its
natural beauty, its shape and location, and "the nation of smiling
people".[17] The island contains tropical
forests and diverse
landscapes with a high amount ofbiodiversity.
The country has had a
long history of international engagement, as a founding member of SAARC,
a member of the United
Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, theG77 and the Non-Aligned Movement. It is also the only
country in South Asia that is currently rated 'high' on the Human Development Index
·
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic
of life expectancy, education, and income indices used
to rank countries into four tiers of human
development. It was created by a Pakistani
economist Mahbub ul Haq and
Indian economist Amartya Sen in
1990 and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.
·
Amartya Kumar Sen ,
is an Indian economist who since 1972 has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and
the United States. He has made contributions to welfare economics, social
choice theory, economic and social justice,
economic theories of famines, and indexes of the measure of well-being of
citizens of developing countries. He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in
1998 for his work in welfare economics.
·
The Nobel
Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Sveriges riksbanks pris
i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne, commonly
referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics, is an award
for outstanding contributions to the field of economics,
generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field. Although not one of the Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, it is identified with them,
and prizes are announced with and awarded at the same ceremony.
The Prize in Economics was established in 1968 and endowed by
Sweden's central bank, the Sveriges
Riksbank, on the occasion of the bank's 300th anniversary.
Like the Nobel
Laureates in Chemistry and Physics, Laureates in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
and a Prize
Committee similar to
theNobel Committees is used. It was first awarded in 1969
to the Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch,
"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of
economic processes
He was the inventor of dynamite.
dynamite being the most famous. His fortune was used posthumously to institute
the Nobel Prizes.
The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. His name also
survives in modern-day companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel,
which are descendants of or mergers with companies Nobel himself established.
The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international
awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees
in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The
prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901.
The Peace Prize is
awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm,
Sweden. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award
available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and
economics.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the
NobelPrize in Chemistry, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences; the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine; the Swedish
Academy grants the
Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded not by a
Swedish organisation but by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
The various prizes are
awarded yearly. Each recipient, or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided
by the Nobel
Foundation. As of 2012, each prize was worth 8 million SEK.The prize
is not awarded posthumously; however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies
before receiving it, the prize may still be presented. Though the average
number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century,
a prize may not be shared among more than three people.
·
Norway
is a Scandinavian unitary constitutional
monarchy whose
territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian
Peninsula, Norway
also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known
as Queen Maud Land.
The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden .Norway
is bordered by Finland and Russia to
the north-east, and the Skagerrak Strait to
the south, with Denmark on
the other side. Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic
Ocean and the Barents Sea.
·
Russia officially known as the Russian Federation is
a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic.
From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia,Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with
Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk,
the US state
of Alaska across
the Bering Strait and Canada's Arctic islands. Russia is the largest
country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of
the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the world's ninth. Russia maintains strong and positive
relations with other BRICS countries. India is
the largest customer of Russian military equipment and the two countries share extensive
defense and strategic relations. In recent years, the country has
strengthened bilateral ties especially with the People's Republic of China by
signing the Treaty of Friendship as
well as building the Trans-Siberian
oil pipeline and gas pipeline from Siberia to China.
·
BRICS is the acronym for an
association of five major emerging
national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South
Africa. The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before the
inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished
by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional
and global affairs; all five are G-20 members.
As of 2014, the five
BRICS countries represent almost 3 billion people which is 40% of the world
population, with a combined nominal
(20% world GDP) and an estimated US$4 trillion in combined foreign reserves. As
of 2014, the BRICS nations represented 18 percent of the world economy.
Brazil held the chair
of the BRICS group in 2014, having hosted the group's sixth
summit in 2014. On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS 6th summit in Fortaleza,
Brazil, the group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to
create the US$100 billion BRICS
Development Bank and a reserve
currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation
between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on
innovation were also inked
·
The Group
of Twenty (also known as the G-20 or G20)
is a forum for the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies. The
members, , include 19 individual
countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India,
Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi
Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States—and the European
Union (EU). The EU
is represented by the European Commission and by the ECB.
Collectively, the G-20
economies account for around 85% of the gross world product (GWP), 80% of world trade (or
if excluding EU intra-trade: 75%), and two-thirds of the world
population. The G-20 heads of government or heads of
state have
periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008.
The G-20 was proposed
by former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin
as a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system.
Russia
currently holds the chair of the G-20, and hosted the eighth
G-20 summit in September 2013. The next summit is in Australia in
Brisbane in 2014, chaired by Tony Abbott, Prime Minister of Australia.
·
The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union
of 28 member states that
are primarily located
in Europe. The EU operates through a system ofsupranational independent
institutions and intergovernmental negotiated
decisions by the member states. The monetary union was
established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002. It is currently composed
of 18 member states that use the euro as their legal tender. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy,
the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence.
The union maintains permanent diplomatic missionsthroughout
the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the WTO,
the G8,
and the G-20
·
The Group of Eight (G8) was the name of a forum
for the governments of a group of eight leading industrialised countries that
was originally formed by six leading industrialised countries and subsequently
extended with two additional members. Russia,
which was invited to join as the last member, was excluded from the forum by
the other members on March 24, 2014, as a result of its involvement in the 2014 Crimea crisis in Ukraine. Thus the group now comprises seven
nations and will continue to meet as the G7 group
of nations
The forum originated with a 1975
summit hosted by France that
brought together representatives of six governments: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, theUnited Kingdom,
and the United States,
thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 the following
year with the addition of Canada. The G7 is composed of the seven
wealthiest developed countries on Earth by national net wealth or
by GDP and it remained active
even during the period of the G8. Russia was
added to the group from 1998 to 2014, which then became known as the G8.
·
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean,
it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in
the north to theEast China Sea and Taiwan in
the south. The characters that
make up Japan's name mean
"sun-origin", which is why Japan is often referred to as the
"Land of the Rising Sun".Japan is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8,
the G20.
A major economic great power, Japan is a developed country and
has the world's third-largest economy by
nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest
economy
·
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental
organization established
on 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the
ineffectiveLeague of Nations,
the organization was created following the Second World War to
prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The UN
Headquarters is
situated in Manhattan, New York City and
enjoys extraterritoriality.
Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi andVienna.
The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its
member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and
security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting
the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural
disaster, and armed conflict.
|
Organizations and specialized agencies of the
United Nations
|
|||||
|
No.
|
Acronym
|
Agency
|
Headquarters
|
Established in
|
|
|
1
|
FAO
|
 Rome, Italy |
1945
|
||
|
2
|
IAEA
|
1957
|
|||
|
3
|
ICAO
|
 Raymond Benjamin |
1947
|
||
|
4
|
IFAD
|
Rome, Italy |
1977
|
||
|
5
|
ILO
|
1946
(1919)
|
|||
|
6
|
IMO
|
 London, United Kingdom |
1948
|
||
|
7
|
IMF
|
 Washington, DC, US |
1945
(1944)
|
||
|
8
|
ITU
|
1947
(1865)
|
|||
|
9
|
UNESCO
|
Paris, France |
1946
|
||
|
10
|
UNIDO
|
1967
|
|||
|
11
|
UNWTO
|
1974
|
|||
|
12
|
UPU
|
1947
(1874)
|
|||
|
13
|
WBG
|
Washington, DC, US |
1945
(1944)
|
||
|
14
|
WFP
|
Rome, Italy |
1963
|
||
|
15
|
WHO
|
1948
|
|||
|
16
|
WIPO
|
1974
|
|||
|
17
|
WMO
|
1950
(1873)
|
|||
·
Hi. I’m Designer of Blog Magic. I’m CEO/Founder of ThemeXpose. I’m Creative Art Director, Web Designer, UI/UX Designer, Interaction Designer, Industrial Designer, Web Developer, Business Enthusiast, StartUp Enthusiast, Speaker, Writer and Photographer. Inspired to make things looks better.
0 comments:
Post a Comment